Networking

Networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans. Local area networks (LANs), for example, typically reach across a single home, whereas wide area networks (WANs), reach across cities, states, or even across the world. The Internet is the world's largest public WAN.


Network Design
Computer networks also differ in their design. The two types of high-level network design are called client-server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks feature centralized server computers that store email, Web pages, files and or applications. On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all computers tend to support the same functions. Client-server networks are much more common in business and peer-to-peer networks much more common in homes.

A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In so-called bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh.
Network Protocols
In networking, the communication language used by computer devices is called the protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols to support specific applications. Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks.

Wired vs Wireless Networking

Many of the same network protocols, like TCP/IP, work in both wired and wireless networks. Networks with Ethernet cables predominated in businesses, schools, and homes for several decades. Recently, however, wireless networking alternatives have emerged as the premier technology for building new computer networks.

Insurance Introduction

  Insurance Introduction

Life is full of risks and accidents. People are at risk for getting injured when playing sports, riding in a car, or living in a house. Risk is uncertainty about a situation’s outcome. Risk can be unpredictable events which lead to loss or damage. Insurance is an arrangement between an individual (consumer) and an insurer (insurance company) to protect the individual against risk. Insurance plays a large role in most individual’s financial management plans.

Premium—the fee paid to the insurer to be covered under the specified terms.

Deductible—the amount paid out of pocket by the policy holder for the initial portion of a loss before the

insurance coverage begins.

Policyholder—the consumer who purchased the policy

1. Liability insurance—covers the insured if injuries or damages are caused to other people or their property; it is the minimum amount of insurance required by law for automobiles.

2. Medical payment insurance—covers injuries sustained by the driver of the insured vehicle or any passenger regardless of fault; also covers insured family members injured as passengers in any car or if they are injured while on foot as a pedestrian or while riding a bicycle.

3. Uninsured or underinsured motorists insurance—covers injury or damage to the driver, passengers, or the vehicle caused by a driver with insufficient insurance.

4. Physical damage insurance—covers damages caused to the vehicle; two optional forms of coverage are available

Malignant mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer with no known cure, which has become a therapeutic challenge. Onconase is one of few chemotherapeutic agents that have been studied in patients with malignant mesothelioma that has the advantage of low toxicity and limited side effects. Here, we evaluate the effect of Onconase on killing of malignant mesothelioma cells and how the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT (PI3-K/AKT) survival pathway influences this effect. Our results show that Onconase induces apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma cell lines and that this effect is tumor cell specific. Malignant mesothelioma cell lines with the highest AKT activation, which correlated with the presence of the SV40 large and small T antigen (SV40+), were the most resistant to the drug. Finally, a cooperative effect was observed between small molecule inhibitors of PI3-K and Onconase in the killing of malignant mesothelioma cells. Our results suggest that kinase screening of individual malignant mesotheliomas for endogenous levels of activated PI3-K/AKT may be predictive of the efficacy of Onconase and possibly other chemotherapeutic agents

The processes involved in the initiation and development of malignant mesothelioma, a malignancy derived from pluripotent mesothelial cells with a variety of tumor phenotypes, including epithelial, sarcomatous, and mixed varieties (1), are under intense investigation (2). This unique tumor has been associated historically with occupational exposures to amphibole types of asbestos (1, 3). In the past few years, SV40, a DNA virus, has been linked to the etiology of mesothelioma. Multi-institutional studies show that ∼50% of human mesotheliomas in the United States contain SV40 large T-antigen DNA sequences (4, 5). Although malignant mesothelioma is a relatively rare cancer, its incidence is increasing in several countries (6). More important, the prognosis of patients with mesothelioma is grim as most survive <1 year after initial diagnosis (1, 3). Thus, effective therapeutic strategies are desperately needed.

Current treatment modalities include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy (7) and several new investigational approaches are now being tested, including intrapleural IFNγ, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. Whereas some believe that radical surgical resection is the only chance of cure or meaningful improvement in survival, the majority of patients presenting with malignant mesothelioma are not candidates for radical surgical resection due to unresectable tumors or medical illness (8). As alternatives or complements, many chemotherapeutic agents have been studied in patients with malignant mesothelioma, either as single or combined agents, but low response rates have been found in most studies with the highest response rates generally achieved using combined treatment regimens (8). No clear standard of care has emerged and in most cases palliative treatment is used as the primary means of therapy (9).